tvc184

There is probably a better than 50/50 (maybe like 90/10) chance of Chevron being overturned and going to the doctrine of strict construction.

Oh yes, it’s Capital Murder. They might not have filed the paperwork yet and give to the grand jury but it is definitely Capital Murder. That is not even debatable unless they have the wrong guy. In fact, he committed Capital Murder three different ways. Capital Murder is Murder with specific circumstances. In this case, Capital Murder special circumstances are l: 1. Killing any person under 10 years of ago. 2. Killing more than 1 person in a single incident. 3. Killing a person while committing a Burglary. If any of those situations apply, it is Capital Murder. Maybe the sheriff means that they just haven’t brought the formal charges yet.

Because it may be interesting….. Organized Crime (OC) is not a crime by itself. OC is an enhancement to certain other crimes if committed with 3 or more persons. The punishment is generally one degree higher than the most serious crime committed. In this case Aggravated Assault is a second degree felony or up to 20 years in prison. By charging OC, it would move the punishment to a first degree felony and up to 99 years maximum. They will probably get indicted for Organized Crime-Aggravated Assault. The Agg Assault with at least 3 people is what allows the enhancement to Organized Crime. What may also be interesting in the OC law, the participants don’t need to know each other. They don’t have to all be in the same room and say, let’s do this. For example…. A guy gets with an acquaintance and says that he wants to start breaking into homes in the daytime when people are at work. He does not need the acquaintance’s help in the burglaries but he wants the acquaintance to hide the stolen property because the acquaintance has a big shed in his backyard. If the acquaintance can help sell the property, he can keep some of the cash. The acquaintance agrees and says that he has a friend with a lot of street contacts who can get rid of the stolen property quickly. The friend in turn has a cousin who will help him. So the first guy starts breaking into homes and stealing various items. He gives it to the acquaintance who has it for a while in the shed. The acquaintance gets with his friend to sell the stolen property. The friend gets his cousin to help him. So the guy that started the whole thing has no clue who the acquaintance’s friend is and he certainly does not know the cousin. In fact, the acquaintance does not know his friend’s cousin. So…. A-Original guy breaking into homes B-the acquaintance C-his friend D-the cousin A knows B only B knows A and C C knows B and D but not A D only knows C B, C and D are knowingly possessing stolen property at some point but take no part in the burglaries. C and D don’t even know who the guy is. Burglary of a Habitation is a second degree felony. Since this involved at least three people, even though they did not all know each other and had no clue where the crimes were being committed, they can all be included in organized crime. The Burglaries can now be enhanced to a first-degree felony carrying that 99 year maximum sentence and….. all 4 can be charged with Organized Crime-Burglary. Since the cousin who is helping to sell the property that he did not know where it came from or who the guy was that stole it, is now face 99 years in prison. THAT…. is the Organized Crime law.

In I think 1971, Nederland beat a high ranked (#1?) Sterling team 3-0 at Bulldog Stadium on a field goal with about 15-20 seconds left in the game. Fifty years ago was a long time for my memory to fade but I always remembered as Houston Sterling. Perhaps it was Baytown Sterling? I think (memory again) Nederland’s kicker was David Burns??

Yeah, pretty much. They present investigations to the attorneys who decide what to do. The police: Take photographs/videos. Collect physical evidence such as drugs, stolen property, etc. Interview witnesses/suspects. Take fingerprints/dna/etc. Etc. Then hand the case file over to the DA… who also has their own police department.

Go to a firearms counter at a big box sporting goods store and listen. 🤣 I have heard things that are completely wrong. I am not talking like an opinion like brand A is better than B. I am talking about wrong. Even a young person at a specialty counter was expected to have some basic knowledge of the product. Not so much any more. I think I have told this story before, but a few years ago I was at Subway sandwich with my partner at work. He ordered a 6 inch sandwich and I ordered a 12 inch sandwich. The conversation went like this: I would like a 12 inch on white bread. We don’t have that. OK give me a 12 inch wheat. We don’t have that. OK, what do you have? We have white, wheat, jalapeño cheese… OK, give me the 12 inch white. We don’t have that. Sir, all we have is 6 inch and foot long sandwiches. We don’t have 12 inch bread. My mistake, give me the foot-long white.

A little more in depth… Arrest: An arrest is authorized if probable cause exists that a crime was committed. The fact that a person has been arrested gives no inference of guilt. An arrest doesn’t charge a person with a crime. It simply means that PC existed at that moment allowing a person to be taken into custody to be identified and allowed to post bail to see IF criminal charges should go forward. Police: Cannot file charges for a crime in court. Only a state or federal attorney can file charges in a court. There is a common phrase that the police filed charges against a person but the police can’t file charges in court. The police can file paperwork or turn an investigation over to the state attorney/DA. Basically an officer says, I have looked into a situation, recovered some evidence, have spoken to witnesses and this is what I found. The DA will review the case to determine if criminal charges should go forward. It can be after an arrest or with no arrest. Charges: The DA, after reviewing a case, can accept or deny charges. Again this can be after an arrest or with no arrest. In cases of a misdemeanor in Texas, it is the DA’s discretion or opinion if charges should be filed in court. If the DA determines the a case should go to trial, the DA files the “complaint” or charge in court. The complaint is the actual piece of paper or the charging document for a trial. It will be like, In the name of the State of Texas, John Smith is charged with committing theft on or about July 15, 2021 in Jefferson County, Texas. That is filing charges in court. In Texas I think a Class C misdemeanor complaint is called a “complaint”, A or B misdemeanor complaint is called an “information” and a felony complaint is called an “indictment”. For an indictment in Texas it must come from a grand jury. I think about half of the states use the grand jury system. Others use the discretion of the DA (like Texas does in misdemeanors only) to file felony criminal charges with no independent review. So…. The police can arrest with or without a warrant. While any crime can be arrested with a warrant, the authority to arrest without a warrant has limitations on time frame, location and in limited situations and crimes. A PC arrest only authorizes the police to bring a person into custody to be identified and to be allowed to post bail in a promise to return for any future court proceeding or trial. An arrest with PC as far as filing charges or determining what charges to file is meaningless. The DA can reject or change any charges after an arrest. Only the DA (or United States Attorney for federal charges) can file the charging documents to get a case to trial. The police can turn over an investigation to the DA/USA for review after an arrest or with no arrest but can’t themselves file charges in court. The phrase that the police are “filing charges” only describes the turning over of an investigation to the DA/USA for review. The police in effect say, “DA, look what we found”. The DA will determine if a case goes any further and what crime(s) (if any) should be actually charged regardless of what an arrest was for. The DA will then file the appropriate complaint in the appropriate court if charges are to go forward. How many social media or even news media comments have we seen like, the police filed charges and brought this guy to trial. No, the DA at his/her sole discretion did that. Clear as mud?

Yes, in fact (great question) warrants have nothing to do with charges being filed. Maybe (likely?) a misunderstood part(s) of law. Accusations, warrants, filing charges, indictments, court complaints, etc., are or can all be different. They are sometimes used interchangeably in discussions when technically they are related as involving criminal justice but one may have nothing to do with the other… other than being in criminal justice. If anyone is interested….

Then he can’t legally have a firearm but that is probably the least of his problems. What is odd is that they issued Murder warrants (according to the media) when this is clearly Capital Murder (for 3 reasons) or possible death sentence case.

Re-entry after deportation is a felony. If it is true that he was caught three times, at least twice he was found committing a felony and released.

If they are a permanent resident/legal alien, yes. I believe that if aliens are in this country on a work or visiting/vacation visa, they are also prohibited from even possessing firearms unless for a specific purpose such as a foreign law enforcement officer on official business or hunting. My wife for example is a permanent resident alien with what is commonly called a green card. She can go into Academy and walk out with a legally purchased firearm. Her niece who has visited us on a visa, could not.

I have hunted with a .223 AR.

Horrific, disgusting, sad….. I don’t know if there are words to describe how bad these murders were. Strangely, in the small city of Cleveland, TX, this is the second Capital Murder in the last two weeks.

The culpable mental states from highest (most culpable) to the lowest are: Intentionally Knowingly Recklessly Criminal Negligence Proof of a higher mental state automatically proves all lower states. So they can charge a person with intentionally committing crime but if there are lower available options in that particular, it doesn’t have to be proven. Some crimes show multiple mental states and if so, only the lowest has to be proven.

This situation came up a few months ago when the police arrested the Texas Longhorns basketball coach, Chris Beard for Assault/Impeding. The situation was really beaten up in another sports forum on how the coach was going to prison and blah blah blah. My first comments were, simply by reading the new stories, as released by the police and certainly not knowing exactly what happened, the charges would probably be dropped. It was likely a lawful arrest but could also likely be self defense. I also commented that had this been a regular citizen, the case would probably have been dropped within a week. Of course, being big news, it was drug out for several weeks. The coach claims that he is living girlfriend attacked him and he shoved her away. That was where I got into speculation…. If you reach up and shove someone away who’s attacking you and your open hand goes against the throat, it might momentarily gag the person or restrict breath. By law the choking statute says it is a crime, even if it is recklessly committed. So was he reckless? Probably. But remember that we have the right of self-defense even up to deadly force if needed. The right of self defense means that what you did is a crime, but it is justified under certain circumstances. If a person is attacking you, do you have the right to shove the person away? I would say yes. Soon after the arrest, the girlfriend made a public statement that she told the police that she did not wish to file charges and that she was the cause of it, attacking him. So now you have basically an admission by the woman that she came at him. Is he allowed to use the force necessary, in this case, just shoving her away, to defend himself in what would otherwise be a crime? Yes, he might’ve recklessly impeded her breath which would be a crime however, does he have the right of self defense ? I would again say yes. I have mentioned this before, but under Texas law if you bring up evidence of self-defense, which could be testimony, you do not have to prove that self defense was reasonable. The DA has approved for the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that it was not. This is a classic case of he said/she said, however in this case they both apparently agree. So the police in fear of covering up for a celebrity (in my opinion), make the arrest because she might have said yes, he briefly choked me. Okay, that is probable cause. After several weeks, the district attorney, released a statement, saying, we are dropping charges This was the statement from the DA: “After a careful and thorough review of the evidence, recent public statements, and considering Ms. Trew's wishes, our office has determined that the felony offense cannot be proven beyond a reasonable doubt," the Travis County District Attorney's Office said in a statement. Wow, after several weeks the DA decided that it could not be proven. 😂😂😂

Under the same punishment reasons for a third-degree felony, it shows if the assault is against a public servant. Again, if you slap your neighbor, it’s a misdemeanor but if you slap a cop, it’s up to 10 years in prison.

Great question. It has to do with the elements and degrees of a particular offense/crime. Many crimes have more than one way to commit the crime. An easy example is from our recent discussion in the Jasper shootings. A person cannot simply be charged with Aggravated Assault. Agg Assault is to commit Assault (misdemeanor with bodily injury) AND…… EITHER… used a “deadly weapon/dw” OR caused “serious bodily injury/sbi” (both are defined in the law). So a person can be indicted as: Agg Assault-SBI or Agg Assault— DW So to your specific question, assault is usually a misdemeanor. It is causing any injury including merely pain. It carries up to a year in jail as a class A misdemeanor. But in the exact same section we have the choking law (impeding breath or blood). It is not a different law and is under the exact section as a misdemeanor assault like if you got mad and slapped (or even choked) your neighbor. When you read part of the section where it lists the punishments, it states: Subsection (a)(1) is a Class A misdemeanor, except that the offense is a felony of the third degree if the offense is committed against: (2) a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code (these sections are relationships under the Texas domestic violence laws), if (B ) the offense is committed by intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly impeding the normal breathing or circulation of the blood of the person by applying pressure to the person's throat or neck or by blocking the person's nose or mouth; You can see that the assault is a class A misdemeanor EXCEPT choking/impeding… So if you get mad and choke your neighbor, but don’t cause serious injury, it’s a misdemeanor. If you get mad and choke your ex-girlfriend, your roommate, etc., it carries up to a 10 year prison sentence. So what you asked about is just assault BUT… It is committed against someone with whom you’ve had a relationship AND… It’s not just causing injury but is recklessly cutting off the breath or blood flow.

From the law… Sec. 22.01. ASSAULT. (a) A person commits an offense if the person: (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the person's spouse; This is misdemeanor assault or assault with an injury (bruise, pain, etc.). Notice that it only requires to prove the injury was caused by being reckless. Next is Aggravated Assault….. Sec. 22.02. AGGRAVATED ASSAULT. (a) A person commits an offense if the person commits assault as defined in Sec. 22.01 and the person: (1) causes serious bodily injury to another, including the person's spouse; or (2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault. First a person must commit an Assault as defined in 22.01 which is to intentionally or knowingly OR recklessly causing injury. Then it becomes aggravated by either causing serious bodily injury OR using a deadly weapon. A firearm by Texas law is the only item specifically listed as a deadly weapon. Other things “could be”, depending on how used, which requires proof. A firearm requires no proof and just is a deadly weapon. "Deadly weapon" means: (A) a firearm or anything manifestly designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury;

I am sure but it will be likely concurrent. And a note on the law… just because it may (probably) come up later in the media. Aggravated Assault is a better charge than Attempted Murder. Things like Att. Murder or Manslaughter sound worse but Aggravated Assault is way easier to prove for the same penalty. An example is Attempted Murder carries a 20 year maximum sentence (2nd degree felony) and Aggravated Assault carries a 20 year maximum sentence (2nd degree felony). In Attempted Murder the state has to prove that the defendant’s intent was to kill the injured victim. So what if the victim was a bystander? Maybe the shooter/defendant was shooting at A and accidentally hit B. How do you prove intent to kill B when it was an accident remembering that B was a bystander. Aggravated Assault only requires the state to show that the defendant “recklessly” injured victim B. So would the DA rather try to prove “intent” which is not only way more difficult, it might actually be true that the defendant did not want to injury victim B or would the DA rather try to prove that B was recklessly injured, meaning an accident, but caused by someone acting recklessly? Remember that both are 2nd degree felonies with a 20 year maximum. I could just about guarantee that they will be charged with aggravated assault for the victims who did not die and Facebook will explode with comments about how stupid the DA is and the police don’t have to investigate because it should be Attempted Murder!!! No, it should be Aggravated Assault.

All arrests are public record except juveniles. You can probably go to the Jasper County courthouse tomorrow and get all of the sworn to arrest affidavits. You can read the probable cause information that led to the arrest warrants.

Imagine that. Now let’s see if the comments start……

I was off duty and on the way home but in uniform (in my personal vehicle) about 10 years ago. I stopped a guy parked in a handicap parking spot at a pharmacy where I had stopped to pick up a prescription. He had no license plate or hang tag and admitted to not being handicapped. His wife was with him. I hardly made any public contacts on traffic stop but that is maybe a pet peeve. Not unusual in this kind of a situation, he could’ve parked 10 feet away in a regular parking spot and half the parking lot was empty. Since I was off duty and did not have a ticket book, I contacted the dispatcher by walkie-talkie and asked for a patrol unit to check by with me. A lieutenant showed up (actually my lieutenant and I was one of his sergeants) since he was on the way home also but he had a take home patrol unit, so had his ticket book. So the lieutenant agreed with the citation and begin writing it. As a routine, the guy was checked for warrants. Oops! He had a couple of traffic tickets that we that he had not paid and warrants for his arrest. So he started boohooing and his wife was crying. Geez…. I know that you don’t want to go to jail but you have warrants so no option but it’s only for traffic citations. What does this have to do with Jerry Springer? All the crying was because they were supposed to catch a flight the next morning (in about 14 hours) to NYC to be on the Jerry Springer Show. I said just pay for the warrants. Nope… they had no money. These folks from the country (like a heavy east Texas accent) were about to miss their dream shot at NYC because the about 30 year old healthy guy didn’t want to walk 10 more feet. I asked them why they were going to be on the show. The guy told me he was supposed to claim that he was having an affair with his wife’s sister and they were supposed to get in the big argument when he springs the information on his wife. Of course the sister-in-law would then walk on stage. I asked him about being paid and he said they would get something like $500 but got to stay in New York City with all expenses paid for a couple of days.

Details are usually released when the police feel the need to release it. Freedom of information does not cross into active police investigations. A few months ago when students were killed in a home in Idaho, not much, was released in the police a statement it seem like they were looking for clues. In various forums (and maybe this one), people were making comments that the police were incompetent and that there were no clues and this was blah blah blah. On another sport forum I just committed that I have no clue, but I would suspect that the police have a lot of information and we’re just not releasing it. Failure to notify the public does not mean that the investigation is not moving forward. In the Idaho situation, the police were actively already tracking the killer and made an arrest not long afterward. I realize that this is not a police bashing thread and it is not a, “where is the investigation going” thread. I was using those examples as information on how investigations are sometimes run. It has evolved into a “how come people aren’t talking” thread. They might be if there was something to comment on. Just because it is not in the news and just because we haven’t heard about it, does not mean that it is not happening behind the scenes.

As a 37+ year police officer I can attest that most cuttings and stabbing were with knives. An occasional broken bottle was thrown into the mix….

Wait, they used firearms in the shootings?